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Arithmetic operations
1. Addition: The concept of adding stems from such fundamental facts that it does
not require a definition and cannot be defined in formal fashion. We can use synonymous expressions, if we so much desire, like saying it is the process of combining.
Notation: 8 + 3 = 11; 8 and 3 are the addends , 11 is the sum .
2. Subtraction: When one number is subtracted from another the result is called the
difference or remainder . The number subtracted is termed the subtrahend , and the number from which the subtrahend is subtracted is called minuend .
Notation: 15 – 7 = 8; 15 is the subtrahend, 7 is the minuend and 8 is the
remainder. Subtraction may be checked by addition: 8 + 7 = 15.
3. Multiplication: is the process of taking one number (called the multiplicand ) a
given number of times (this is the multiplier , which tells us how many times the multiplicand is to be taken). The result is called the product . The numbers multiplied together are called the factors of the products.
Notation: 12 × 5 = 60 or 12.5 = 60; 12 is the multiplicand, 5 is the multiplier and 60 is the product (here, 12 and 5 are the factors of product).
4. Division: is the process of finding one of two factors from the product and the
other factor. It is the process of determining how many times one number is contained in another. The number divided by another is called the dividend . The number divided into the dividend is called the divisor , and the answer obtained by division is called the quotient .
Notation: 48 : 6 = 8; 48 is the dividend, 6 is the divisor and 8 is the quotient.
Division may be checked by multiplication.
1.1 Do you know the word “algebra”? Tell the subject Algebra.
Do you know the adjective of the noun “algebra”? what is that ?
Can you name a new division of algebra?
1.2 Answer the following questions.
What is your favourite field in modern maths?
Why do you like studying that subject?
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